Medical Websites > Genital Warts > Genital Wart-HPV

• Anal Warts - Condyloma acuminata (venereal warts) may be found on the perianal skin, in the anal canal, on the distal rectal mucosa, and/or on the genitalia. They may be associated with a variety of symptoms such as itching, occasional bleeding, difficulty with anal hygiene, and odor. Condylomata are commonly transmitted by anal sexual activity, but they may be found in heterosexual individuals and in children. A viral infection (the human papilloma virus - HPV) is the cause of the condition. Since we cannot directly cure the viral infection, just as we cannot cure the common cold or HIV infection, treatment is based upon destruction of the cells within which the viruses live.

  Most lesions are raised, slightly lobulated warts. There may be a few or many, and they may be small or large. Treatment may be accomplished in a variety of ways, depending upon the location and number of lesions. If there are only a few warts, a caustic agent such as Podophyllin or bichloracetic acid, may be tried to chemically destroy them. However, if the condylomata are on the inside of the anal canal, the agents will not stick to the moist surfaces. If they are inside or there are many lesions, a minor surgical procedure is necessary to destroy the warts.



• Genital Warts - Images - Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a group of more than 70 types of viruses. They are called papillomaviruses because they tend to cause warts, or papillomas, which are benign (noncancerous) tumors. Different types of HPVs cause the common warts that grow on hands and feet and those that develop in the mouth and genital area. Genital HPVs can be passed from one person to another through sexual intercourse and oral or anal sex.

  Genital HPVs may cause warts to appear on or around the genitals and anus of both men and women. In women, visible warts may also appear in the cervix. This type of a "genital wart" is known technically as condyloma acuminatum and is generally associated with two HPV types, numbers 6 and 11. Because these genital warts rarely develop into cancer, HPV-6 and HPV-11 are often referred to as "low-risk" viruses. Other sexually transmitted HPVs have been linked with genital or anal cancers in both men and women. These are called "high risk" HPV types and include HPV-16, HPV-18, HPV-31, HPV-45, as well as some others. High risk HPV types aren't usually contained in visible warts. Both high-risk and low-risk types of HPVs can cause the growth of abnormal cells in the cervix.



• Genital Warts - Information - Genital warts are small growths on the skin caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). It is rather common and accounts for about one out of ten cases of reported STDs in the U.S. There are 60 different strains of this virus, and in some cases no symptoms are present.

  HPV is reported more often by men than women, probably because the symptoms are more visible. But in women, HPV can present a greater risk, especially if unnoticed, because HPV infection is associated with cancer of the cervix.



• Genital Warts - Pictures - Human papillomavirus (HPV), any of a family of more than 60 viruses that cause various growths, including plantar warts and genital warts, a sexually transmitted disease. Detectable warts can be or removed, usually by chemicals, freezing, or laser, but often recur. Intralesional alpha interferon has been effective in the treatment of genital warts. Genital warts, sometimes called condylomata acuminata, are soft and often occur in clusters. They can occur internally or externally, but even in the absence of warts the virus may be present and transmittable. Problems can result from untreated warts, which can grow quite large, or, in rare cases, from infection of an infant during delivery. In addition, certain strains of HPV are associated with cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, and penis. HPV 16 has been shown to be associated with some forms of Kaposi's sarcoma.

  The symptoms of genital warts are very benign other than the appearance of a wart. Some people experience irritation and itching around the affected area. For women, the vulva and the perineum are the areas most affected. Genital warts can also appear on the vagina, cervix, and anus. In men, the warts most often appear on the glans (head of the penis), foreskin, and urethral opening. Warts may also appear on the shaft of the penis, scrotum, and anus. Men sometimes have shiny spots called "pearly papules" on the glans, which are normal and should not be confused with warts. Many people may have the genital wart strain of HPV and show no symptoms.



• Genital Warts - Symptoms - Genital warts are one of the most common types of sexually transmitted diseases.

  As the name suggests, genital warts affect the moist areas of the genital area. They may look like small, flesh-colored bumps or have a cauliflower like appearance. Sometimes they may be only 1 to 2 millimeters in diameter. In other situations the warts may multiply into clusters, which can be quite large.



• Genital Warts - Treatments - Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a group of more than 100 types of viruses. They are called papillomaviruses because certain types may cause warts, or papillomas, which are benign (noncancerous) tumors. The HPVs that cause the common warts that grow on hands and feet are different from those that cause growths in the mouth and genital area. Some types of HPVs are associated with certain types of cancer.

  Although there is currently no medical cure to eliminate a papillomavirus infection, squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) and warts these viruses cause can be treated. Methods used to treat SILs include cryosurgery (freezing that destroys tissue), lasertreatment (surgery using a high-intensity light), LEEP (loop electrosurgical excision procedure, the removal of tissue using a hot wire loop), as well as conventional surgery. Similar treatments may be used for external genital warts. In addition, three powerful chemicals (podophyllin, bichloroacetic acid, and trichloroacetic acid) will destroy external genital warts when applied directly to them. Podofilox (podophyllotoxin) can be applied topically either as a liquid or a gel to external genital warts. Imiquimod cream has also been approved to treat external warts. Also, fluorouracil cream (sometimes called 5-FU) may be used to treat the warts. Some doctors use interferon alpha to treat warts that have recurred after being removed by traditional means. Imiquimod and interferon alpha work by stimulating the immune (defense) system to fight the virus.



• Genital Warts - Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), causes genital warts. HPV is the name of a group of viruses that includes more than 70 different types. Over 30 of these are sexually transmitted, and they can infect the genital area, like the skin of the penis, vulva, labia, or anus, or the tissues covering the vagina and cervix. An estimated 40 million Americans are infected with HPV, with 1 million new cases each year. Certain other types of HPV have been closely associated with the development of cervical cancer and other genital cancers.

  Most of the HPV infections have no visible signs. These HPV infections can cause abnormal cell growth (dysplasia) on the female cervix. Visible signs of the disease include condylomata, which range from soft, pink, cauliflower-like warts to hard, smooth, yellow-gray warts. They may develop inside the vagina in women, where they are hard to detect. They also can appear on the lips of the vagina or around the anus. They usually appear on the penis in men, but are sometimes found on the scrotum (the sac that holds the testicles) or around the anus.



• HPV - Cervical Dysplasia - Testing for human papillomavirus (HPV) relies exclusively on techniques of molecular biology using nucleic acid probes. Tests for HPV using nucleic acid probes have been commercially available since the late 1980s, but early tests were cumbersome, involving the use of nucleic acid probes labeled with radioactive phosphorus (32P). These early HPV tests did not achieve widespread use because they did not detect all oncogenic HPV genotypes. The current commercial HPV detection kit, Digene's Hybrid Capture 2 kit, detects virtually all high-risk oncogenic HPV types, as well as most low-risk nononcogenic HPV genotypes. The Hybrid Capture 2 test format is a proprietary nucleic acid hybridization signal amplification system owned by Digene Corporation. Virtually all test formats for DNA sequence analysis are amenable to applications intended to detect and perhaps quantify the various HPV genotypes. These methods can involve direct hybridization with complementary DNA probes, such as Southern blotting or in situ hybridization, signal amplification, such as the Hybrid Capture 2 method or target nucleic acid amplification, most notably the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Polymerase chain reaction has been used for HPV detection, genotyping, and viral load determination. General or consensus primer-mediated PCR assays have enabled screening for a broad spectrum of HPV types in clinical specimens using a single PCR reaction. Following amplification using consensus primers, individual HPV genotypes are identified using a variety of methods. Using consensus primers in a test format known as real-time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR), it is possible to generate viral load (concentration) data from reaction curves generated by monitoring PCR reaction kinetics in real time.


• HPV - Genital Warts - Scientists have identified more than 100 types of HPV-Genital Warts, most of which are harmless. About 30 types are spread through sexual contact. Some types of HPV that cause genital infections can also cause cervical cancer and other genital cancers.

  Like many STDs, genital HPV infections often do not have visible signs and symptoms. One study sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) reported that almost half of the women infected with HPV had no obvious symptoms. People who are infected but who have no symptoms may not know they can transmit HPV to others or that they can develop complications from the virus.



• HPV - Information - One of the most common human infections in the world is that caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). HPV, which is commonly known as "wart virus", is a microscopic virus particle that infects the skin. In the case of HPV, the infection is actually localized directly to the infected point in the skin, as opposed to herpes simplex, where the virus goes through the skin and into the nerve cells, traveling up the nerve cell connection to the nerve ganglia by the spinal cord, where the virus lives. With HPV, the infection is actually in the skin.

  Most infections with HPV are invisible. This means that the virus has entered the skin at some point and altered the DNA structure of the human cell, usually causing no visible or apparent changes in the cellular structure. This happens, literally, in tens of millions of cases. The only way to detect these infections is by performing medical sampling of the skin, either with a swab or with a biopsy, and then the performing in a laboratory of testing for the appearance of HPV DNA in these samples.



• HPV - Medical Research - A number of special directives are provided, such as INSERT, INCLUDE and PROCESS, which allow content to be built up from smaller template components. This permits a modular approach to building a web site or other content repository, promoting reusability, cross-site consistency, ease of construction and subsequent maintenance. Common elements such as headers, footers, menu bars, tables, and so on, can be created as separate template files which can then be processed into other documents as required. All defined variables are inherited by these templates along with any additional "local" values specified.

  A number of special directives are provided, such as INSERT, INCLUDE and PROCESS, which allow content to be built up from smaller template components. This permits a modular approach to building a web site or other content repository, promoting reusability, cross-site consistency, ease of construction and subsequent maintenance. Common elements such as headers, footers, menu bars, tables, and so on, can be created as separate template files which can then be processed into other documents as required. All defined variables are inherited by these templates along with any additional "local" values specified.



• HPV - Medical Studies - The development of bacterial vaginosis (BV) among women of childbearing age and the resulting quantitative and qualitative shift from normally occurring lactobacilli in the vagina to a mixture of mainly anaerobic bacteria is a microbiological and immunological enigma that so far has precluded the formulation of a unifying generally accepted theory on the aetiology and clinical course of BV. This critical review highlights some of the more important aspects of BV research that could help in formulating new basic ideas respecting the biology of BV, not least the importance of the interleukin mediators of local inflammatory responses and the bacterial shift from the normally occurring lactobacilli species: L. crispatus, L. gasseri, L. jensenii, and L. iners to a mixed flora dominated by anaerobic bacteria.


• HPV - Pictures - HPV, or human papillomavirus, is the name of a group of viruses that has more than 70 different types. HPV is sometimes called the wart virus because certain types of HPV cause warts on the hands, feet or genitals.

  The types of HPV that cause visible warts on the genitals (vulva, vagina, penis, scrotum) or anus (butt hole) are different types than those that cause warts on the hands and feet. People may have HPV and not have any warts that they can see with naked eye. Still other types may cause cells on the cervix or in the anus to change and, in some cases, develop into cancer over many, many years if left untreated.



• HPV - Symptoms - Doctors claim that more than 60 percent of sexually active adults are infected with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), and it is implicated in cervical cancer.

  HPV, or Human Papilloma Virus, causes unsightly warts in various parts of the body, especially around the genitals when it is more commonly known as genital warts. However, the types of HPV that cause warts to grow on hands and feet are not the same as those that form warts in the mouth or in the genital area.



• HPV - Treatments - A majority of HPV infections have no signs or symptoms and so most people that are infected are completely unaware but can continue to transmit the virus to sex partner(s).

  Depending on the type of HPV, some women have infections that cause abnormal cell growth (dysplasia) on the female cervix. A woman may only find out she has HPV when her annual Pap smear results indicate abnormal cervical cell changes.



• HPV Virus - Facts - HPV is the abbreviation for Human Papillomavirus, which is the name of a group of viruses consisting of more than 100 different strains. Most of them are harmless and don’t lead to any health problem in people, some cause minor disorders, such as common warts, and about 30 strains are sexually transmitted and rather dangerous. They infect the genital area of both men and women and without proper treatment can lead to serious disorders.

  Sexually transmitted viruses are subdivided into “low-risk” types that cause mild Pap smear test abnormalities or warts in the genital area and “high-risk” types that cause abnormal Pap smear tests and can even lead to cancer. HPV is very guileful and people who are infected with it are unaware of it and transmit the virus further to their partners. In some cases the symptoms of the disorder disappear on their own, but more often HPV requires long treatment, especially during the outbreaks. The virus itself cannot be destroyed, but its symptoms can be reduced.



• HPV Virus - Infections - BACKGROUND: Over the past few years a series of research projects has shown that the scant or deficient immune response in HIV infection may be secondary to reduced cell resistance and/or the uncontrolled formation of free radicals. In line with these findings, subjects with HIV infection present a deficit of polyunsaturated fatty acids (the principal components of cell membranes) and many antioxidating substances, like Vitamin E and glutathione peroxidase. The high incidence of heterosexual transmission of HIV has now shown the close correlation between HIV infection and HPV infection. By analogy, we wanted to ascertain whether these deficits were also present in subjects with HPV infection and dysplastic and neoplastic lesions of the uterine cervix. Published data confirm that a HPV-positive subject has an increased risk, ranging from 40 to 200%, of contracting HIV infection. METHODS: Eighty women with HPV infection of the genital tract, at various stages. Blood levels of vitamin E and polyunsaturated fatty acids were measured using gas-chromatography; glutathione was assayed using the spectrophotometric technique. RESULTS: The alternation of the aforesaid parameters is correlated to the progress of infection and increases with the severity of lesions; Statistically significant data were recorded by comparing the group with condylomatosis with patients diagnosed with cervical carcinoma (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The increased possibility that some patients are affected by an association of HPV and HIV depends on the anomalous or scarce function of many immunocompetent cells, as well the quantitative immune deficiency induced by the initial virus and the presence of various mechanisms that facilitate the development of the infection.


• HPV Virus - Medical Facts - PURPOSE: Infection with human papillomaviruses (HPV) is associated with the development of cervical cancer, but whether HPVs have a role in colorectal cancer remains controversial.Experimental Designs: To determine the relationship between HPV and colorectal cancer, we did a retrospective, controlled study using tumor and tumor-adjacent colorectal tissues dissected from patients with colorectal cancer, as well as colorectal tissues from control individuals with no cancer. The samples were processed in a blinded fashion for nested PCR and in situ PCR detection of HPV DNAs. The PCR products were gel-purified and sequenced for HPV genotyping.RESULTS: We found that colorectal tissues from 28 of 55 (51%) patients with colorectal cancer were positive for HPV DNA. Colorectal tissues from all 10 control individuals were negative for HPV DNA (P = 0.0034). Of the 107 usable (GAPDH(+)) samples collected as paired colorectal tissues (tumor and tumor-adjacent tissues) from the patients, 38 (36%) had HPV16 (n = 31), HPV18 (n = 5), or HPV45 (n = 2), with HPV DNA in both tumor and tumor-adjacent tissues of 10 paired samples, 13 in only the tumor, and 5 in only tumor-adjacent tissues. In situ PCR detection of the tumor tissues confirmed the presence of HPV DNA in tumor cells.CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that colorectal HPV infection is common in patients with colorectal cancer, albeit at a low DNA copy number, with HPV16 being the most prevalent type. HPV infection may play a role in colorectal carcinogenesis.


• HPV Virus - Medical Information - OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) among Thai women attending a family planning clinic and to evaluate the association of BV with potential risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A cross sectional prevalence study was conducted among 800 women attending the family planning clinic, Siriraj Hospital, between August and December 2003. BV was diagnosed according to Amsel's criteria. Prevalence and risk factor models were compiled and statistically analyzed RESULTS: Among the low risk population acquiring sexually transmitted diseases, the prevalence of BV was 14.6% (117 of 800). Asymptomatic disease was recognized in up to 47.9% (56 of 117). BV was significantly more prevalent among those who used douching inside the vagina [OR = 3.98 (1.85-8.33), p < 0.01] and high a prevalence among IUD users [OR = 1.84 (1.22-2.79), p < 0.01]. Although not statistically significant, BV tended to be more prevalent among women with a lower age at first intercourse, higher numbers of lifetime partners, higher frequency of sexual intercourse and current smokers. CONCLUSION: BV is a relatively high prevalent condition. The two potential risk factors, douching inside the vagina and IUD use, can be demonstrated, adding to be more concerned about the inappropriate practice of douching and more consideration in IUD users. The other potential risk factors, the impact to adverse reproductive outcomes and the prevention of BV need further studies, particularly in various Thai populations.


• HPV Virus - Medical Pictures - BACKGROUND: Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection. In the first 10 years of sexual activity, point prevalence rates approach 25% and the lifetime risk of acquisition of this infection may be as high as 80%. There are over 200 types of HPV, of which approximately 50 infect the genital area. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to discuss HPV detection and its role in cervical cancer development. DISCUSSION: The HPV types that cause genital warts do not cause cervical cancer. The subclinical types (especially types 16 and 18) are most frequently found in high grade epithelial abnormalities and therefore can potentially cause anogenital cancers. Human papillomavirus is a 'necessary but not sufficient cause for cervical cancer'. Most genital HPV infection is transient. Cervical cancer is actually a rare outcome of HPV infection. However, only 5% of women in developing countries have had a Pap smear in the past five years, and worldwide approximately 250 thousand women die of this disease every year. The role of HPV DNA testing has not yet been defined, but is no doubt a potential tool for the future. Meanwhile, international vaccine trials using HPV virus-like particles are taking place, and look promising.


• HPV Virus - Medical Treatments - The E7 tumor antigen of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) is a validated target for immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy of HPV-associated cervical cancer. Anti-HPV16 E7 antibodies in scFv format were isolated from a human antibody phage display library and characterized. With the aim of interfering with the oncogenic activity of E7 protein, the most reactive of the selected antibody fragments was expressed by eukaryotic vectors in different compartments of the HPV16-positive cervical carcinoma SiHa cell line. The intracellular antibodies (intrabodies) were tested for their ability of inhibiting cell proliferation. A significant inhibition was obtained targeting the intrabodies to the nuclear and secretory compartments whereas no significant effect was observed in case of cytoplasmic localization. Inhibition was highly specific as no antiproliferative effect was obtained either with the E7-specific intrabodies in HPV-negative cells nor with irrelevant intrabodies in SiHa cells. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.


• HPV Virus - Research - Bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis are two of the most commonly encountered vaginal diseases. Although risk factors for both vaginal conditions have been identified, there continues to be lack of knowledge in regard to their role in association with other sexually transmitted diseases. Vaginal pH is an essential ingredient in the defense and control of the vaginal environment. The alteration of pH with the sequelae of such pregnancy complications as preterm delivery, preterm labor and premature rupture of the membranes; amniotic fluid infection; postpartum endometritis and surgical infections; and the role of bacterial vaginosis are discussed. Treatment modalities in both the nonpregnant and pregnant woman, as well as treatment of resistant cases of both vaginal conditions, are recommended.


• HPV Virus - Scientific Research - A number of special directives are provided, such as INSERT, INCLUDE and PROCESS, which allow content to be built up from smaller template components. This permits a modular approach to building a web site or other content repository, promoting reusability, cross-site consistency, ease of construction and subsequent maintenance. Common elements such as headers, footers, menu bars, tables, and so on, can be created as separate template files which can then be processed into other documents as required. All defined variables are inherited by these templates along with any additional "local" values specified.

  A number of special directives are provided, such as INSERT, INCLUDE and PROCESS, which allow content to be built up from smaller template components. This permits a modular approach to building a web site or other content repository, promoting reusability, cross-site consistency, ease of construction and subsequent maintenance. Common elements such as headers, footers, menu bars, tables, and so on, can be created as separate template files which can then be processed into other documents as required. All defined variables are inherited by these templates along with any additional "local" values specified.



• HPV Virus - Treatments - Tonsillar cancer is the most common of the oropharyngeal carcinomas and human papillomavirus (HPV) has been found to be present in approximately half of all cases. Patients with HPV-positive tonsillar cancer have been observed to have a better clinical outcome than patients with HPV-negative tonsillar cancer. Moreover, patients with tonsillar cancer and a high viral load have been shown to have a better clinical outcome, including increased survival, compared to patients with a lower HPV load in their tumors. Recent findings show that HPV-positive tumors are not more radiosensitive and do not have fewer chromosomal aberrations than HPV-negative tumors, although some chromosomal differences may exist between HPV-positive and -negative tonsillar tumors. Current experimental and clinical data indicate that an active antiviral cellular immune response may contribute to this better clinical outcome. These data are also in line with the findings that the frequency of tonsillar cancer is increased in patients with an impaired cellular immune system. Thus, therapeutic and preventive HPV-16 antiviral immune vaccination trials may be worthwhile, not only in cervical cancer, but also in tonsillar cancer.


• Human Papilloma Virus - OBJECTIVE: To assess colposcopy patients' knowledge of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the role of smoking in cervical neoplasia and, if patients were current smokers, their willingness to quit smoking. STUDY DESIGN: Between January and June 2001, 250 women seen in a colposcopy clinic for the evaluation of an abnormal Pap smear or previously diagnosed cervical neoplasia participated in a survey designed to evaluate knowledge of HPV infection, smoking and neoplasia. Participants who smoked were questioned regarding their smoking behaviors and readiness to quit. In the analysis, the population was stratified by age (< 25 years versus > or = 25 years) to determine differences in knowledge, perception of risk and behaviors. RESULTS: The study population was in general young and racially/ethnically diverse. Fifty-seven percent (143 of 250) thought that HPV was a risk factor in cervical neoplasia, and 58% (146 of 250) associated smoking with neoplasia. Among smokers who discussed risk reduction with their providers, 75% (50 of 66) were advised to stop smoking. Of the 39% (98 of 250) who were current smokers, 63% (62 of 98) agreed that having an abnormal Pap smear would make them consider smoking cessation, and 58% (57 of 98) reported that they would use medical therapy (nicotine replacement or medication) to aid in that process. There were age-related differences in smoking behaviors and attitudes toward cessation (e.g., younger smokers were less likely to desire nicotine replacement). CONCLUSION: Given the high prevalence of smoking and a demonstrated desire by many of the colposcopy patients to stop smoking in the context of a cervical abnormality, further efforts at encouraging cessation are warranted.


• Human Papilloma Virus - Human papillomaviruses are the causative agents of cervical cancer. Previous studies have shown that loss of the viral E2 protein during malignant progression is an important feature of HPV-induced malignancy due to the resulting uncontrolled expression of the viral oncoproteins E6 and E7. We now show however that the viral E2 and E6 proteins are both capable of regulating each other's activity. When coexpressed, E2 and E6 induce marked changes in the pattern of each other's expression, with preferential accumulation in nuclear speckles. The two proteins interact directly, resulting in changes in the substrate specificities of E6 and the biochemical activities of E2. Thus, while E6 efficiently degrades its PDZ domain-containing substrates in the absence of E2, this activity is greatly diminished when E2 is present. Likewise, E2 alone drives both viral DNA replication and viral gene expression. However, in the presence of E6, viral DNA replication is inhibited while the transcriptional activity of E2 is elevated. These studies define a far more complex pattern of interaction between E2 and E6 than was previously thought and redefines the possible consequences of loss of E2 with respect to uncontrolled E6 activity and consequent malignant progression.Oncogene advance online publication, 25 April 2005; doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208701.


• Human Papilloma Virus - More than 70 types of human papilloma virus have been identified, and are responsible for a wide range of expression in our bodies. The common warts found on hands and feet are caused by some of these viruses, as is its more dangerous relation, warts found on the cervix (the opening to the uterus). Some of these warts have been shown to be a risk factor for cervical cancer in females. Warts found in the male anogenital tract have also been linked with cancer, although such cancers are quite rare.

  Most warts are benign, but cosmetically unappealing. About 1/3 of the viral types are found in the genital area. These "genotypes" are numbered in order of discovery, and each type identified is considered to be "new" if it shares less than 50% of its DNA with previously identified types. It is important to realize only certain types of warts found in the genital area are associated with cervical cancer. Most often identified through a clinical exam are the external warts, likely to be due to benign types. Human papilloma virus changes are often identified by the Pap smear.

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